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--- network_security_assesment [2009/06/08 03:37] – k2patel
+++ network_security_assesment [2009/06/26 07:45] – k2patel
@@ Line 442: / Line 442: @@
 Thomas Lopatic et al. titled “A Stateful Inspection of Firewall-1” available as a Real\\
 Media video stream and PowerPoint presentation from [[ http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-usa-00/bh-usa-00-speakers.html | Link]]
+=== Low-Level IP Assessment ===
+Tools such as Nmap, Hping2, and Firewalk perform low-level IP assessment.
+Insight into the following areas of a network can be gleaned through low-level IP assessment:
+  * Uptime of target hosts (by analyzing the TCP timestamp option)
+  * TCP services that are permitted through the firewall (by analyzing responses to TCP and ICMP probes)
+  * TCP sequence and IP ID incrementation (by running predictability tests)
+  * The operating system of the target host (using IP fingerprinting)
+The TCP timestamp option is defined in RFC 1323.
+== Analyzing Responses to TCP Probes ==
+A TCP probe always results in one of four responses. These responses potentially\\
+allow an analyst to identify where a connection was accepted, or why and where it\\
+was rejected, dropped, or lost:
+  * TCP SYN/ACK
+If a SYN/ACK packet is received, the port is considered open.
+  * TCP RST/ACK
+If an RST/ACK packet is received, the probe packet was rejected by either the\\
+target host or an upstream security device (e.g., a firewall with a reject rule in its policy).
+  * ICMP type 3 code 13
+If an ICMP type 3 code 13 message is received, the host (or a device such as a\\
+firewall) has administratively prohibited the connection according to an Access Control List (ACL) rule.
+  * Nothing
+If no packet is received, an intermediary security device silently dropped it.
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